Topic: Conscripted, registered, or merely obliged on paper
How does Japan mark Conscripted, registered, or merely obliged on paper?
Everyday topic
Japan has no conscription, and the reason lies less in policy than in the text of the constitution itself. Article 9 says the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes, and then: “In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.” Where the other six markets write down who serves and for how long, Japan's starting point is what shall not be maintained at all. Defence in practice is carried by the Self-Defense Forces under their own statute, and its members are recruited by application — the state does not call the individual; the individual applies. No article of the constitution imposes a duty of military service on citizens, which sets Japan apart from China, Indonesia and India as well.
What is this topic?
Article 1 of Taiwan's Military Service Act is a single sentence — every male citizen has the duty to serve — and Article 16 sets active conscript service at one year. China's constitution calls military service an "honourable obligation". Brazil's constitution says obligatory, then lets conscientious objectors take alternative service and exempts women and clergy in peacetime. The United States is stranger: 50 U.S.C. §3802 requires men aged 18 to 26 to register, and almost nobody is ever called. Japan's constitution keeps no land, sea or air forces at all. Indonesia and India both write a duty to defend into their constitutions and have no conscription. The same phrase, and a gap that runs from a year in barracks to a single form.
Sources and dates
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