Topic: Compulsory education: from what age to what age — and whose duty is it
How does Indonesia mark Compulsory education: from what age to what age — and whose duty is it?
Everyday topic
Article 31 of Indonesia's constitution puts the duty on both sides, and that is what makes it distinctive. Clause (1): every citizen has the right to education. Clause (2): every citizen is obliged to attend basic education, and the government is obliged to fund it. In one sentence the duty falls on the people and on the state at once — where most of the other markets write only one side (Japan names the parent, China the citizen, India commands the State to provide). Clause (3) requires the government to run a national education system that raises faith, piety and noble character, as regulated by statute. Clause (4) is a rarely seen kind of constitutional provision: the state shall prioritise education in the budget, at no less than twenty per cent. Writing a specific budget share into the constitution means the matter was deliberately designed to be beyond the reach of annual political bargaining — not a declaration that education matters, but a number that can be audited. That sets Indonesia apart: the other six constitutions, when they speak of education, speak of years, of rights, of duties. Indonesia's speaks of money.
What is this topic?
Taiwan's Compulsory Education Act sets six to fifteen, nine years, and leaves compulsory enrolment itself to a separate statute. Brazil's Article 208, as amended in 2009, runs from four to seventeen — the widest span of the seven. India's Article 21A covers six to fourteen and sits in the Part on fundamental rights, so it can be taken to court. Indonesia's Article 31(2) puts the duty on both sides at once: the citizen must attend basic education and the government must pay for it, with a further clause reserving at least twenty per cent of the budget for education. Japan's Article 26 places the duty on parents. China's Article 46 makes education a right and a duty in the same sentence. The United States has no federal rule at all: each state sets its own start and end ages.
Sources and dates
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